2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料:动词
2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料:动词
1.动词的概念及种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词,按在句中的功用分为以下四种:
类别 |
用法及意户 |
例词 |
例句与说明 | |
实 义 动 词 |
及物动词(vt.) |
表动作或状态,有完整词义,后接宾语,能单独作谓语 |
like, enjoy, watch, want |
She likes watching TV. Do you enjoy listening to music? |
不及物动词(vi.) |
表动作或状态,有完整词义,后接宾语,能单独作谓语 |
rise, come, arrive, happen |
That story happened last year. When did Tom arrive? | |
连系动词 |
本身有词义,但须与表语一起构成谓语 |
表示“是”,“仍是” |
be, stay, remain |
She remains a teacher. |
表“变得” |
become, get, grow, fall, go,turn |
It’s getting warm. | ||
表“听/看/闻/摸/尝 起来” |
sound / look / smell / feel / taste |
That sounds a good idea. It tastes delicious. | ||
表“似乎”,“好象” |
seem,appear |
He seems all right. | ||
助动词 |
本身无意义不单独作谓语 |
谓语动词是单独的行为动词,在一般现在时/过去时的句中帮助构成否定或疑问 |
Do, Does, Did(位于句首构成一般问句) |
Does he speak English? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. He doesn’t speak English. |
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t(位于谓语动词前来表否定) |
Jane didn’t go to school yesterday. | |||
与doing连用构成进行时 |
be (not) doing |
She is doing her homework now. | ||
与done连用构成被动语态 |
be done |
The tree was planed last year. | ||
与done连用构成完成时 |
have / has / had done |
She has gone back. | ||
后接动词原形构成将来时 |
will/ shall do |
I shall do it. | ||
情态动词 |
本身有意义,但不能单独作谓语,与主要动词原形一起表示说话人的语气,情态,没有人称、数的变化。 |
表“能够” |
can/could(没其他形式) be able to(有各种时态与形式) |
Jane could swim when she was six. I’ll be able to speak French next year. |
表“许可” |
may(较正式) can(口语) |
You may smoke here. “can’t”不可以;“may not”不可以 | ||
表“请求许可” |
can/could(用于一、二人称) may/might(用于第一人称) |
Can you help me? May I help you?=Can I help you? | ||
表“可能” |
can/could may/might(不用于问句) |
“can’t”只用于否定 “may not / might not”不可能 | ||
表“必须” |
must have to(可有各种时态) |
“mustn’t”意为“不可以”,表禁止 “don’t/doesn’t have to”意为“不必” | ||
表“应该” |
should,ought to有义务 be supposed to |
shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不应该 are not supposed to不应该 | ||
表“一定” |
must |
Tom must be late. | ||
表“需要” |
need |
作情态动词时常用于否定句,疑问句或条件从句 作行为动词时,常用于肯定句 | ||
表“敢” 表“请求指示” |
dare shall I / we / he…? |
—“Shall I open the door”? —“Sure,please.” Where shall we meet? | ||
表“向对方提出请求” |
Will / Would you please? |
—“Will you please open the door?” —“Sure.” | ||
询问对方的意思 |
Would you like to…? |
—“Would you like to try one more.” —“No,thank you.” | ||
表说话人的意愿 |
shall |
You shall be back at ten。 | ||
“命令、允诺、强制”等,用于二、三人称 |
He shall obey the rules. | |||
表“意愿”,用于各人称 |
will/would |
I will answer the phone. | ||
表“过去常常习惯于” |
used to |
过去曾有的动作/状态;过去的习惯,此时相当于would;表次数时不用。 | ||
would |
表过去动作的重复,有明确的时间状语;表过去的次数时不用。 | |||
表“祝愿” |
may |
May you succeed. |
2.动词的基本形式及变化规则如下表:
情况/形式 |
原形 |
现在分词 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
一般情况 |
talk |
加-ing talking |
加-ed talked |
加-ed talked |
以e结尾 |
remove |
去e加-ing removing |
加-d removed |
加-d removed |
以辅音字母加-y结尾 |
carry |
加-ing carrying |
改y为i加-ed carried |
改y为i再加-ed carried |
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词 |
stop |
双写结尾辅音字母加-ing stopping |
双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped |
双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped |
以s,x,sh,ch[tF]结尾的词 |
watch |
加-ing watching |
加-ed watched |
加-ed watched |
以ie结尾的词 |
tie |
改ie为y再加-ing tying |
加-d tied |
加-d tied |
3.动词的时态
时 态 |
基本用法 |
常与之连用的时间状语 |
例句 |
一般现在时态 |
习惯性或常发生的动作或存在的状态 |
in the morning / evening / afternoon, every day / month/year / morning. sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc |
He reads French every morning. |
表能力,性格,特征等 |
Joan is a nice person. | ||
普遍真理的表述 |
The moon turns round the earth. | ||
剧本、图、文的解说 |
The scene changes back to the park. | ||
按时刻表,计划决定好了的事 |
The train leaves at 8:00. | ||
在“时间,条件,方式,让步状语从句”中表“将来”动作 |
I’ll call you as soon as I get the park. You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard. | ||
一般过去时态 |
具体的过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态 |
...ago,just now,in 1976/1989, yesterday last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc. |
Mary was here a moment ago. |
过去常发生的动作或存在的状态,特征 |
He often went to Shanghai last year. | ||
在“虚拟语气”中表“现在/将来”的情况 |
He talks as if he were my teacher. | ||
在“委婉”用语中表“现在/将来”,常与“could/would”连用在“时间,条件,让步”等状语从句中表“过去将来” |
I hoped you could help me. They planned to go out if it was fine the next day. | ||
一般将来时态 |
shall(’ll)用于第一人称will(’ll)用于各人称,表示“将会”“意愿” |
tomorrow, in 2010, next morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, soon, before long, in the year, to come, from now on,one day, some day, from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / days, the day after tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc. |
I shall do it tomorrow morning. She’ll have to go there by herself. |
“am/is/are going to+v.原”表“即将发生,打算做” |
It looks as if it’s going to rain. | ||
“is/am/are doing”表“计划,安排” |
He’s leaving for Guangdong tomorrow. | ||
“is/am/are about to+v.原”“表即将就要发生/做” |
She is about to go to school. | ||
“is/am/are to+v.原” “表计划决定,要求,命令,传达命令指示等” |
You are to stay in the hotel. Your boyfriend told you. | ||
过去将来时态 |
“should+v.原/would+v.原”表过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态”。常用于从句或引语中 |
常用于状语从句、名词性从句或间接引语中。 |
She said she would vote for me. She said she wouldn’t vote for me. |
“were/was going to+v.原”表“过去即将发生或打算要做” |
She said it was going to rain soon. | ||
“was/were+v.-ing”表“过去的计划,安排” |
I wondered when the plane was arriving. | ||
“was/were about to+v.” 原表“过去即将,就要” |
I was about to go out when the phone rang. | ||
“was/were to+v.原”表“过去的计划决定,要求命令等” |
He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day. | ||
现在进行时态 |
说话时正进行的动作 |
now, at present, these days, this morning / week / month, during this season, Look! Listen! etc. always, constantly, frequently, all the time |
He is playing basketball now. |
现阶段正进行的动作 |
I’m writing a book these days. | ||
表“计划安排好的将来动作” |
She’s flying to Paris tomorrow. | ||
表“反复经常”的动作,常与always等连用,有责备,高兴等较浓的感情色彩。 |
They are always talking in meeting. He is constantly leaving things about. | ||
在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般现在时”表进行。 |
Here comes the bus. | ||
过去进行时态 |
过去某一时刻正进行的动作 |
this time yesterday, at that time, then, all morning, at that moment, the whole night, during…, when I came in, etc |
What were you doing at that moment? |
过去某一阶段正进行的动作 |
Last year we were building the library. | ||
在过去看来即将发生的动作 |
He wondered whether she was leaving. | ||
现在完成时态 |
过去开始的动作/状态一直延续到现在 |
since+时间点/…ago/从句;for+时段;in the past/last five years once, twice, three times, many times before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet |
I have lived here for six years. |
在现在为止一个动作状态已多次发生 |
I’ve seen the film four times. | ||
到现在为止时的一动作状态经历 |
I’ve never been to America. | ||
过去完成的动作对现在还有影响 |
He has just come back. |
4.动词的语态:
动词的语态有主动语态(主语是动作的发出者)和被动语态(主语是动作的承受者)。被动语态由be/get(助动词)+过去分词构成,be/get体现时态变化。主动变被动时,时态保持不变;动作的执行者由“by短语”表示;get+过去分词侧重动作的效果,通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用,其一般现在时/一般过去时变否定式,疑问时要借助助动词。
They make bikes.
Bikes are made by them.
When did she get married?
How did the window get broken?
注意:
(1)不及物动词一般没有被动语态。
The sun sets in the west.
易错的常见的不用被动语态的不及物动词有:rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.
(2)主动句带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子,可将“间接宾语”或“直接宾语”变成被动语态的主语,还有一个宾语叫保留宾语。一般将“间接宾语”变为被动句的主语。当变直接宾语为被动句的主语时,要在保留宾语(间接宾语)前加一个介词to(给,表方向)或for(替)。
My mother gave me a book.
I was given a book(by my mother).
A book was given to me(by my mother).
(3)主动句带有复合宾语时,变为被动句时宾语补足语保留在谓语动词之后,改称为“主语补足语”即主补。当宾补是不带to的不定式时,被动句中原省略的to要加上。
The boss made us work ten hours a day.
We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).
(4)含有“动-介/动-副/动-副-介”等短语动词的句子,变成被动语态时,要把这些短语看成一个整体(相当于一个动词),不能漏掉任何词。
The nurses look after the patients well.
The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).
(5)含有“动-名-介”型短语动词的主动句变为被动句时,也可将其中的名词变为被动句的主语。
He paid much attention to his pronunciation.
Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).
His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).
(6)被动语态与系表结构的区别:
被动语态,表“动作”,用相应的时态,时态变化比较丰富。
系表结构,表“性质”,常用一般时态。
The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.
The glass was broken.
That book was written by a teacher.
That book is well written.
本文标签:公共英语等级考试 口语指导 2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料:动词
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